A brick is artefact accustomed build walls,
pavements and different components in
masonry construction.historically,
the term brick cited a
unit composed of clay, however it's currently accustomed denote
any rectangular units ordered in
mortar. A brick are
often composed of clay-bearing soil, sand and lime,
or concrete materials. Bricks area
unit made in varied categories, types, materials, and sizes that vary with region andfundamental measure, and area unit made in bulk quantities. 2 basic classes of
bricks area
unit pink-slipped and
non-fired bricks.
Block could be a similar term touching on an oblong building unit composed of comparable materials, however is typically larger than a brick. light-weight bricks (also known as "lightweight blocks") area unit made of enlargedclay combination.
Fired bricks area unit one in all the longest-lasting and strongest building materials, generally cited as artificial stone, and are used since circa 5000 B.C.. dry bricks, additionally called mudbricks, have a history older than pink-slipped bricks, and have an extra ingredient of a mechanical binder like straw.
Bricks area unit ordered in courses and diverse patterns called bonds, put together called masonry, and shouldbe ordered in numerous sorts of mortar to carry the bricks along to form a sturdy structure.
Types of Bricks
This wall up Beacon Hill, Beantown shows differing kinds of masonry and stone foundations
There area unit thousands of kinds of bricks that area unit named for his or her use, size, forming technique, origin, quality, texture, and/or materials.
Categorized by manufacture method:
Extruded – created by being forced through a gap in an exceedingly steel die, with a awfully consistent size andform.
Wire cut – move size once extrusion with a tensioned wire which can leave drag marks
Moulded – formed in moulds instead of being extruded
Machine-moulded - clay is forced into moulds victimisation pressure
Handmade - clay is forced into moulds by someone
Dry-pressed - just like soft mud technique, however starts with a far thicker clay combine and is compressed withnice force.
Block could be a similar term touching on an oblong building unit composed of comparable materials, however is typically larger than a brick. light-weight bricks (also known as "lightweight blocks") area unit made of enlargedclay combination.
Fired bricks area unit one in all the longest-lasting and strongest building materials, generally cited as artificial stone, and are used since circa 5000 B.C.. dry bricks, additionally called mudbricks, have a history older than pink-slipped bricks, and have an extra ingredient of a mechanical binder like straw.
Bricks area unit ordered in courses and diverse patterns called bonds, put together called masonry, and shouldbe ordered in numerous sorts of mortar to carry the bricks along to form a sturdy structure.
Types of Bricks
This wall up Beacon Hill, Beantown shows differing kinds of masonry and stone foundations
There area unit thousands of kinds of bricks that area unit named for his or her use, size, forming technique, origin, quality, texture, and/or materials.
Categorized by manufacture method:
Extruded – created by being forced through a gap in an exceedingly steel die, with a awfully consistent size andform.
Wire cut – move size once extrusion with a tensioned wire which can leave drag marks
Moulded – formed in moulds instead of being extruded
Machine-moulded - clay is forced into moulds victimisation pressure
Handmade - clay is forced into moulds by someone
Dry-pressed - just like soft mud technique, however starts with a far thicker clay combine and is compressed withnice force.
Categorized
by use:
Common or building – A brick not meant to be visible, used for internal structure
Face – A brick used on exterior surfaces to gift a clean look
Hollow – not solid, the holes area unit but twenty fifth of the brick volume.
Perforated – holes bigger than twenty fifth of the brick volume.
Keyed – indentations in a minimum of one face and finish to be used with rendering and coating
Paving – brick meant to be in ground contact as a paseo or road.
Thin – brick with traditional height and length however skinny dimension to be used as a veneer
Common or building – A brick not meant to be visible, used for internal structure
Face – A brick used on exterior surfaces to gift a clean look
Hollow – not solid, the holes area unit but twenty fifth of the brick volume.
Perforated – holes bigger than twenty fifth of the brick volume.
Keyed – indentations in a minimum of one face and finish to be used with rendering and coating
Paving – brick meant to be in ground contact as a paseo or road.
Thin – brick with traditional height and length however skinny dimension to be used as a veneer
Specialized
use bricks:
Chemically resistant – bricks created with resistance to chemicals.
Acid brick – acid resistant bricks.
Engineering – a kind of arduous, dense, brick used wherever strength, low tide consistence or acid (flue gas) resistance area unit required. additional classified as A and kind B supported their compressive strength.
Accrington – a kind of engineering brick (England).
Fire or refractory – extremely heat-resistant bricks.
Clinker – a vitreous brick.
Ceramic glazed – fireplace bricks with an ornamental glazing.
Bricks named for place of origin:
Cream town brick – a light-weight yellow brick created in Milwaukee, Wisconsin
Dutch – a tough light-weight coloured brick originally from Kingdom of The Netherlands
Fareham red brick – a kind of construction brick.
London stock – kind of handstitched brick that was used for the bulk of building add London and South EastEngland till the expansion within the use of machine-made bricks.
Nanak Shahi bricks – a kind of ornamental wall up Republic of India.
Roman – a protracted, flat brick usually utilized by the Romans.
Staffordshire blue brick – a kind of construction brick (England).
Methods of manufacture
Brick creating at the start of the twentieth century.
Three basic kinds of brick area unit un-fired, fired, and with chemicals set bricks. every sort is factory-madeotherwise.
Mudbrick
Unfired bricks, additionally called mudbricks, area unit made of a wet, clay-containing soil mixed with straw or similar binders. they're dry till prepared to be used.
Fired brick
Raw bricks were sun dried before pink-slipped
Fired bricks area unit burned in an exceedingly oven that makes them sturdy. Modern, fired, clay bricks area unitfashioned in one in all 3 processes – soft mud, dry press, or extruded. counting on the country, either the extruded or soft mud technique is that the commonest, since they're the foremost economical.
Normally, brick contains the subsequent ingredients:
Silica (sand) – five hundredth to hour by weight
Alumina (clay) – 2 hundredth to half-hour by weight
Lime – a pair of to five by weight
Iron chemical compound – ≤ seven-membered by weight
Magnesia – but a hundred and twenty fifth by weight
Molded bricks[edit]
It starts with the raw clay, ideally in an exceedingly combine with 25–30% sand to scale back shrinkage. The clay is initial ground and mixed with water to the required consistency. The clay is then ironed into steel moulds with apress. The formed clay is then pink-slipped ("burned") at 900–1000 °C to attain strength.
Extruded bricks
Chemically resistant – bricks created with resistance to chemicals.
Acid brick – acid resistant bricks.
Engineering – a kind of arduous, dense, brick used wherever strength, low tide consistence or acid (flue gas) resistance area unit required. additional classified as A and kind B supported their compressive strength.
Accrington – a kind of engineering brick (England).
Fire or refractory – extremely heat-resistant bricks.
Clinker – a vitreous brick.
Ceramic glazed – fireplace bricks with an ornamental glazing.
Bricks named for place of origin:
Cream town brick – a light-weight yellow brick created in Milwaukee, Wisconsin
Dutch – a tough light-weight coloured brick originally from Kingdom of The Netherlands
Fareham red brick – a kind of construction brick.
London stock – kind of handstitched brick that was used for the bulk of building add London and South EastEngland till the expansion within the use of machine-made bricks.
Nanak Shahi bricks – a kind of ornamental wall up Republic of India.
Roman – a protracted, flat brick usually utilized by the Romans.
Staffordshire blue brick – a kind of construction brick (England).
Methods of manufacture
Brick creating at the start of the twentieth century.
Three basic kinds of brick area unit un-fired, fired, and with chemicals set bricks. every sort is factory-madeotherwise.
Mudbrick
Unfired bricks, additionally called mudbricks, area unit made of a wet, clay-containing soil mixed with straw or similar binders. they're dry till prepared to be used.
Fired brick
Raw bricks were sun dried before pink-slipped
Fired bricks area unit burned in an exceedingly oven that makes them sturdy. Modern, fired, clay bricks area unitfashioned in one in all 3 processes – soft mud, dry press, or extruded. counting on the country, either the extruded or soft mud technique is that the commonest, since they're the foremost economical.
Normally, brick contains the subsequent ingredients:
Silica (sand) – five hundredth to hour by weight
Alumina (clay) – 2 hundredth to half-hour by weight
Lime – a pair of to five by weight
Iron chemical compound – ≤ seven-membered by weight
Magnesia – but a hundred and twenty fifth by weight
Molded bricks[edit]
It starts with the raw clay, ideally in an exceedingly combine with 25–30% sand to scale back shrinkage. The clay is initial ground and mixed with water to the required consistency. The clay is then ironed into steel moulds with apress. The formed clay is then pink-slipped ("burned") at 900–1000 °C to attain strength.
Extruded bricks
For extruded bricks the clay is mixed with 10–15% water (stiff extrusion) or 20–25% water (soft extrusion) in an exceedingly pugmill. This mixture is forced through a die to make a protracted cable of fabric of the requireddimension and depth. This mass is then dig bricks of the required length by a wall of wires. Most structural bricksarea unit created by this technique because it produces arduous, dense bricks, and appropriate dies willmanufacture perforations still. The introduction of such holes reduces the quantity of clay required, and thereforethe value. Hollow bricks area unit lighter and easier to handle, and have totally different thermal properties from solid bricks. The cut bricks area unit hardened by drying for twenty to forty hours at fifty to a hundred and fifty °C before being pink-slipped. the warmth for drying is commonly waste heat from the oven.
European-style extruded bricks or blocks area unit employed in single-wall construction with finishes applied on the within and out of doors. Their several voids comprise a bigger proportion of the quantity than the solid, skinnywalls of pink-slipped clay. Such bricks area unit created in 15-, 25-, 30-, 42- and 50-cm widths. Some models haveterribly high thermal insulation properties, creating them appropriate for zero-energy buildings.
Dry ironed bricks
The dry press technique is analogous to the soft mud technique, however starts with a far thicker clay combine,thus it forms a lot of correct, sharper-edged bricks. The bigger force in pressing and therefore the longer burnbuild this technique costlier.
Rail kilns
Xhosa brickmaker at oven close to Ngcobo within the former Transkei in 2007.
In trendy brickworks, this is often sometimes wiped out a ceaselessly pink-slipped tunnel oven, within whichthe bricks area unit pink-slipped as they edge through the oven on conveyors, rails, or oven cars, that achieves aa lot of consistent brick product. The bricks typically have lime, ash, and organic matter extra, that accelerates the burning method.
Bull's Trench Kilns
A brickmaker in Republic of India – Tashrih al-aqvam (1825)
In India, brick creating is often a manual method. the foremost common kind of brick oven in use there's the Bull's Trench oven (BTK), supported a style developed by British engineer W. Bull within the late nineteenthcentury.
An oval or circular trench is mamma, 6–9 metres wide, 2-2.5 metres deep, and 100–150 metres in circumference. A tall exhaust chimney is built within the centre. 0.5 or a lot of of the ditch is crammed with "green" (unfired) bricksthat area unit stacked in associate degree open lattice pattern to permit flow of air. The lattice is capped with a roofing layer of finished brick.
In operation, new inexperienced bricks, along side roofing bricks, area unit stacked at one finish of the brick pile; cooled finished bricks area unit off from the opposite finish for transport to their destinations. within the middle, the brick employees produce a firing zone by dropping fuel (coal, wood, oil, debris, and then on) through access holes within the roof higher than the ditch.
West face of Roskilde Cathedral in Roskilde, Denmark.
The advantage of the BTK style could be a a lot of bigger energy potency compared with clamp or scove kilns.sheet or boards area unit accustomed route the flow of air through the brick lattice in order that recent air flowsinitial through the recently burned bricks, heating the air, then through the active burning zone. The air continues through the inexperienced brick zone (pre-heating and drying the bricks), and at last out the chimney, wherever the rising gases produce suction that pulls air through the system. The utilize of heated air yields savings in fuel value.
As with the rail method higher than, the BTK method is continuous. A half a dozen labourers operating round theclock will fireplace just about fifteen,000–25,000 bricks daily. in contrast to the rail method, within the BTKmethod the bricks don't move. Instead, the locations at that the bricks area unit loaded, fired, and blank bit by bitrotate through the ditch.
Influences on colour
Yellow London Stocks at Waterloo station
The pink-slipped color of tired clay bricks is influenced by the chemical and mineral content of the raw materials, the firing temperature, and therefore the atmosphere within the oven. as an example, pink colored bricks area unitthe results of a high iron content, white or yellow bricks have a better lime content. Most bricks burn to numerousred hues; because the temperature is exaggerated the color moves through red, purple and so to brown or gray at around one,300 °C (2,372 °F). The names of bricks might mirror their origin and color, like London stock brick and Cambridgeshire White. Brick colouring is also performed to alter the colour of bricks to blend-in areas of masonrywith the encircling masonry.
An ladder-proof and decorative surface is also ordered on brick either by salt glazing, within which salt is extrathroughout the burning method, or by the employment of a "slip," that could be a glaze material into that the bricks area unit swaybacked. subsequent reheating within the oven fuses the slip into a glazed surface integral with the brick base.
Chemically set bricks
Chemically set bricks don't seem to be pink-slipped however might have the {curing|hardening|solidifying|solidification|set|natural method|natural action|action|activity} process accelerated by the applying of warmth associate degreed pressure in an autoclave.
Calcium-silicate bricks
Swedish Mexitegel could be a sand-lime or lime-cement brick.
Calcium-silicate bricks are known as sandlime or flintlime bricks counting on their ingredients. instead of beingcreated with clay they're created with lime binding the salt material. The raw materials for calcium-silicate bricksembrace lime mixed in an exceedingly proportion of regarding one to ten with sand, quartz, crushed flint or crushed oxide rock at the side of mineral colourants. The materials area unit mixed associate degreed left till the lime is totally hydrated; the mixture is then ironed into moulds and cured in an autoclave for 3 to 14 hours to hurrythe chemical hardening.[18] The finished bricks area unit terribly correct and uniform, though the sharp arriseswould like careful handling to avoid harm to brick and journeyman. The bricks are often created in an exceedinglystyle of colours; white, black, buff and grey-blues area unit common and pastel shades are often achieved. this sortof brick is common in Scandinavian nation, particularly in homes designed or restored within the Nineteen Seventies. In Republic of India these area unit called ash bricks, factory-made victimisation the FaL-G (fly ash, lime and gypsum) method. Calcium-silicate bricks are factory-made in North American country and therefore theus, and meet the factors set forth in ASTM C73 – ten customary Specification for metallic element salt Brick (Sand-Lime Brick).
Concrete bricks
A concrete brick-making production line in Guilinyang city, Hainan, China. This operation produces a pallet containing forty two bricks, just about each thirty seconds.
Bricks fashioned from concrete area unit sometimes termed blocks, and area unit usually pale gray in color.they're made of a dry, little combination concrete that is created in steel moulds by vibration associate degreed compaction in either an "egglayer" or static machine. The finished blocks area unit cured instead of pink-slippedvictimisation nonaggressive steam. Concrete blocks area unit factory-made in an exceedingly a lot of widervary of shapes and sizes than clay bricks and are obtainable with a wider vary of face treatments – variety of thatsimulate the looks of clay bricks.
Concrete bricks area unit obtainable in many colors associate degreed as an engineering brick created with sulfate-resisting Portland cement or equivalent. once created with adequate quantity of cement they'reappropriate for harsh environments like wet conditions and retentive walls. they're created to standards BS 6073, EN 771-3. Concrete bricks expand and contract quite clay or sandlime bricks in order that they would likemovement joints each five to six metres, however area unit just like different bricks of comparable density in thermal and sound resistance and fireplace resistance.
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